Authors: Faisal Khalid Alhomayani , Rawan Ali Almalki , Wahaj Alqurashi , Raghad Abdullah Almutairi , Lama Alzahrani ,

Abstract

Background: Kidney stones are a common urological condition influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors and are reported to be prevalent in hot climates, including Saudi Arabia. This study assessed knowledge and awareness of kidney stone prevention among the general population of Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 363 adult residents of Taif City between 25 July 2025 and 15 November 2025; data were collected using an adapted questionnaire pilot-tested for clarity. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests; independent predictors were identified using multivariable logistic regression.
Results: A self-reported history of kidney stones was present in 28.7% (104/363) of participants. Awareness of common symptoms was high (95.6% recognized pain), while misconceptions about dietary risk factors persisted (58.6% incorrectly believed calcium-rich foods increase risk). Female sex (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.91) and a healthcare-related occupation or field of study (OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.11–0.49) were independently associated with lower odds of reporting kidney stones, while family history was associated with higher odds (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.02–2.92). The median knowledge and awareness score was 13 (range: 2–19), corresponding to approximately 68.4% correct responses, with no significant subgroup differences.
Conclusion: Kidney stones were commonly reported in this Taif-based sample. Female sex and a healthcare-related background were independently associated with lower odds of reporting kidney stones, while family history was independently associated with higher odds; lower fluid intake was associated with kidney stone history only in unadjusted analysis. Notable gaps and misconceptions persist regarding dietary risk factors, and targeted education may help address them.

Keywords: Kidney stones, urolithiasis, risk factors, knowledge, awareness.