Authors: Mohammed A. Zolaly , Nouf A. Alharbi , Dina F. Alhadidi , Eithar K. Alamri , Farah M. Albalawi , Ghaday A. Alraddadi , Layan J. Alsaqqa , Razan M. Albalawi , Roaa M. Alraddadi , Yusra H. AlAbbasi

Abstract

Background:  Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a common hemolytic enzyme disorder posing a significant public health concern in Saudi Arabia. Despite inclusion in the national newborn screening program, community awareness in Madinah Munawwarah remains underexplored.

Objectives: To assess community knowledge of G6PD deficiency in Madinah and identify factors associated with decreased awareness.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 436 adults in Madinah using a 24-item validated electronic questionnaire. Knowledge was scored as good/fair (>50%) or poor (≤50%). Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, multivariate logistic regression, and stepwise regression were applied (p < 0.05).

Results: Knowledge levels were low, with 78.4% of participants demonstrating poor knowledge and 21.6% demonstrating good/fair levels. Awareness of triggers was limited: henna (5.7%), naphthalene (12.6%), and menthol (9.2%). Chronic fatigue was falsely identified as a clinical symptom (8.9%). Multivariate analysis revealed four predictors of higher knowledge: age 21–30 years (OR = 2.25), female gender (OR = 2.10), medical profession (OR = 5.15), and prior exposure to information on genetic blood disorders (OR = 3.96). Education, income, nationality, marital status, and family history were not statistically significant predictors.

Conclusions: Community awareness about G6PD deficiency in Madinah is insufficient. While younger adults, females, and medical practitioners demonstrate higher knowledge, the general population remains at risk. These findings underscore the urgent need for structured educational programs and public health campaigns to enhance awareness and reduce hemolysis complications.

Keywords: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, G6PD deficiency, Community Knowledge, Hemolytic anemia, public health awareness, Madinah Munawwarah.